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Antibody / Secondary Antibody
 Secondary antibodies are crucial tools in biomedical research, serving to detect, sort, or purify target antigens. They achieve this by binding to primary antibodies, which are directly attached to the target antigen. The utility of secondary antibodies stems from the fact that most primary antibodies are produced in a few host animal species and belong predominantly to the IgG class, making it feasible for human to make secondary antibodies that are broadly applicable across various methods and detection systems. The choice of a secondary antibody depends on several factors, including the host species of the primary antibody, the experimental procedure, and the desired conjugate for detection or purification. Secondary antibodies can be conjugated to enzymes, biotin, and fluorescent dyes or proteins, catering to a wide array of experimental applications such as ELISA, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry.
Preparation of secondary antibodies
  • Host Animal Selection: The first step involves choosing an appropriate host animal to produce the secondary antibodies. Common hosts include horses, sheep, goats, mice, and rabbits. The choice depends on factors such as the species of the primary antibody, desired affinity of the secondary antibody, and specific experimental requirements.
  • Immunization of the Host: The host animal is immunized with a primary antibody, which serves as the antigen to generate secondary antibodies against it. This step may require multiple immunizations to ensure the production of secondary antibodies in sufficient quantity and with high affinity.
  • Serum Collection: After a period of immunization, blood is collected from the host animal and centrifuged to separate the serum, which contains the secondary antibodies.
  • Antibody Purification: The secondary antibodies are then purified from the serum. Common purification techniques include protein A or G affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The process may involve several rounds of elution and concentration to achieve a high purity level of secondary antibodies.
  • Labeling of Secondary Antibodies (if required): In some applications, secondary antibodies need to be labeled with fluorescent dyes or enzymes to facilitate visualization or quantitative analysis in subsequent experiments. Common labels include fluorophores, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and alkaline phosphatase (AP).
  • Quality Control: After preparation, the secondary antibodies undergo a series of quality control tests to assess their purity, affinity, specificity, and performance in intended applications.
Advantages of secondary antibodies
  • Signal Amplification: Secondary antibodies can bind to multiple sites on a primary antibody, thereby amplifying the signal generated in various assays. This amplification is crucial for detecting low-abundance targets.
  • Versatility: A single secondary antibody can be used with multiple primary antibodies from the same species and isotype. This versatility reduces the need for multiple labeled primary antibodies, saving time and resources.
  • Flexibility in Labeling: Secondary antibodies can be conjugated with a wide range of labels, including enzymes (like horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), fluorophores, or biotin. This flexibility allows for diverse detection strategies in different assays.
  • Increased Sensitivity: By amplifying signals, secondary antibodies increase the sensitivity of detection methods, enabling the identification of proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules at very low concentrations.
  • Cost-Effective: Using unlabeled primary antibodies followed by labeled secondary antibodies is often more cost-effective than directly labeling primary antibodies, especially when multiple targets are being studied.
 
In summary, secondary antibodies are indispensable in various immunoassays, offering enhanced sensitivity, versatility, and the ability to use the same primary antibody with different secondary antibodies depending on the experimental context. Their widespread use underlines their importance in advancing research in immunology, cell biology, and related fields​

Antibody / Secondary Antibody
Species
  • CAT. #
  • PRODUCT NAME
  • SOURCE
  • PRICE
Cat.#: ADC-57181A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Human IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57180A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Human IgG Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57179A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Human IgG Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57178A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Human IgG Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57177A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57176A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57175A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57174A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57173A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Rat IgG Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57172A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Rat IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57171A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Rat IgG Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57170A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Rat IgG Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57169A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57168A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57167A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57166A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57165A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Sheep IgG Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57164A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Sheep IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57163A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Sheep IgG Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57162A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Sheep IgG Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57161A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Horse IgG Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57160A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Horse IgG Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57159A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Horse IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57158A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Horse IgG Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57157A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Guinea Pig IgG Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57156A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Guinea Pig IgG Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57155A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Guinea Pig IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57154A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Guinea Pig IgG Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57153A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Canine IgG Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57152A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Canine IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57151A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Canine IgG Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57150A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Canine IgG Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57149A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Fc Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57148A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Fc Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57147A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Fc Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57146A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Fc Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57145A Product Name: Rabbit anti-human IgG Fab Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57144A Product Name: Rabbit anti-human IgG Fab Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57143A Product Name: Rabbit anti-human IgG Fab Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57142A Product Name: Rabbit anti-human IgG Fab Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57141A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Fab Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57140A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Fab Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57139A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Fab Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57138A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG Fab Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57137A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Fab Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57136A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Fab Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57135A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Fab Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57134A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Fab Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57133A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57132A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57131A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Fc Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57130A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Fc Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57129A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Chicken Yolk Immunoglobulin Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57128A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Chicken Yolk Immunoglobulin Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57127A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57126A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Fc Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57125A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Goat IgG Fc Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57124A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Chicken Yolk Immunoglobulin Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57123A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Chicken Yolk Immunoglobulin Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57122A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57121A Product Name: Rabbit anti-bovine IgG polyclonal Antibody,HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57120A Product Name: Rabbit anti-bovine IgG polyclonal Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57119A Product Name: Rabbit anti-bovine IgG polyclonal Antibody, FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57118A Product Name: Rabbit anti-bovine IgG polyclonal Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57117A Product Name: Goat Anti-Mouse IgG(H+L) Antibody;HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57116A Product Name: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) Antibody;HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57115A Product Name: Goat Anti-Mouse IgG(H+L) Antibody;FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57114A Product Name: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) Antibody;FITC conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57113A Product Name: Goat Anti-Mouse IgG(H+L) Antibody;Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57112A Product Name: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) Antibody;Biotin conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57111A Product Name: Goat Anti-Mouse IgG(H+L) Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57110A Product Name: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) Antibody
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57109A Product Name: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) Antibody;HRP-conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57108A Product Name: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57107A Product Name: Goat Anti-Mouse IgG(H+L) Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57106A Product Name: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) Antibody; Cy3-conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Goat
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Cat.#: ADC-57105A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Porcine IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57104A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Porcine IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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Cat.#: ADC-57103A Product Name: Rabbit anti-Porcine IgG Antibody, HRP conjugated
Source (Host): Species: Rabbit
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