Cat#:EIA-419C;Product Name:Human SAA ELISA Kit;Size:96 T;Sample:serum, plasma, cell culture supernatant, other biological fluids;Intended use:RUO;Synonym:Amyloid fibril protein AA; Amyloid protein A; MGC111216; PIG 4; PIG4; SAA 1; SAA 2; SAA; SAA_HUMAN; SAA1; SAA2; Serum amyloid A protein precursor; Serum amyloid A1 isoform 1; Serum amyloid A1 isoform 2; Serum amyloid protein A(4-101); TP53I4; Tumor protein p53 inducible protein 4;Background:Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein. During acute events, the rise in SAA levels is the most rapid and intense increase of all acute phase proteins. Cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF are considered mediators of SAA protein synthesis. They stimulate hepatocytes in the liver to produce and release SAA into the bloodstream. When elevated above normal levels SAA is almost exclusively bound to High Density Lipoproteins (HDL), causing SAA to behave like an apolipoprotein - a protein moiety occurring in plasma lipoprotiens. SAA circulates at trace levels (1-5 μg/mL) during normal conditions; however 4-6 hours after inflammatory stimulus, SAA levels can increase by as much as 1000 fold to remarkably elevated levels (500-1000 μg/mL), thus making SAA a sensitive marker. Structural analysis revealed this 104 amino acid (a.a.) polypeptide in its native state has a molecular mass of 12-14 kDa. Serum amyloid A is the serum precursor of amyloid A (AA) protein (8.5 kDa), which is formed when the first 76 a.a.'s of SAA are cleaved. The human SAA protein is polymorphic being made up of a family of several related proteins (SAA1 to SAA4). SAA genes are located on chromosome 11p.1 SAA1 and SAA2 are similar genes, which differ by amino acids or more, and encode acute-phase SAA's. SAA3 appears to be a pseudogene and is substantially different from the others. SAA4 does not vary significantly during the acute phase response and is an isoform that is present on HDL during homeostasis. Each of the acute phase proteins have a unique function in modulating host immune responses but the role of SAA remains unclear. It is known that HDL inhibits SAA's function. This suggests that SAA needs to be released from HDL complexes in order to become active. Recently it was reported that SAA may have an important pro-inflammatory and immunostimulating role by recruiting neutrophils, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes into inflammatory lesions. As a result of SAA's association with HDL, a role in cholesterol metabolism has been proposed. SAA, after dissociation from HDL, may play a role in cholesterol transport at local tissues sites during inflammation by binding cholesterol. High levels of SAA can be seen in patients with acute and chronic inflammation. Secondary amyloidosis may develop as a result prolonged or repeated inflammatory conditions in which SAA levels remain elevated. This progressive, fatal condition is characterized by a gradual loss of organ function, in which fibrils are deposited in peripheral tissues and major organs. The fibrils are caused by the incomplete degradation of SAA in which the AA fragment (8.5 kDa) from the original SAA protein has been enzymatically cleaved. Measuring SAA levels in these patients may be a useful indicator of degree of inflammation and response to therapy. Inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, familial mediterranean fever, progressive sclerosis as well as chronic infections such as tuberculosis and osteomyelitis are predisposed to developing amyloidosis. Measuring SAA levels is also significant in determining pulmonary inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosis, diagnosing and predicting renal allograft rejection, determining anti-microbial therapy response in urinary tract infections, opportunistic infections in AIDS, inflammation in acute viral infections, biocompatiblility of hemodialysis, tissue damage in post-acute myocardial infarction, and the outcome in severe unstable angina. Also, a differential diagnosis of inflammatory disease may be employed by measuring SAA levels. Acute viral infections may be distinguished from bacterial infections by determining SAA levels. It may be useful to confirm diagnosis of acute viral diseases if SAA is assayed at the same time as C-reactive protein, which is a useful inflammatory marker for bacterial infections and does not rise during viral disease.;Species Reactivity:Human;Application:quantitative;Storage:Unopened Kit: Store at 2 - 8°C. Do not use past kit expiration date. Opened/Reconstituted Reagents: TMB Solution A; TMB Solution B; TMB Stop Solution; Wash Buffer; HRP-conjugate antibody The above mentioned reagents should be stored for up to 1 month at 2 - 8°C. Microplate Wells: Return unused wells to the foil pouch containing the desiccant pack, reseal along entire edge of zip-seal. May be stored for up to 1 month at 2 - 8°C.;Usage:For Lab Research Use Only;Detection Principle:Sandwich-ELISA;