Cat#:EIA-749C;Product Name:Bovine TNF ELISA Kit;Size:96T;Sample:cell culture supernatants;Intended use:RUO;Synonym:TNF; tumor necrosis factor; TNFa; APC1 protein; TNF-alpha; cachectin; TNFSF2; TNF superfamily, member 2; TNFA; TNF, macrophage-derived; DIF; TNF, monocyte-derived; Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 2; tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNF-a; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2); Cachectin3; tumor necrosis factor, alpha (TNF superfamily, member 2);Background:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), also referred to as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF is able to induce apoptotic cell death, to induce inflammation, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, including major depression, Alzheimer's disease and cancer.TNF was originally thought to be produced primarily by macrophages, but it is produced also by a broad variety of cell types including lymphoid cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, adipose tissue, fibroblasts, and neuronal tissue. Large amounts of TNF are released in response to lipopolysaccharide, other bacterial products, and Interleukin-1 (IL-1).Two receptors, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, can be bound to by TNF. TNF-R1 is expressed in most tissues, and can be fully activated by both the membrane- bound and soluble trimeric forms of TNF, whereas TNF-R2 is found only in cells of the immune system, and respond to the membrane-bound form of the TNF homotrimer.Upon contact with their ligand, TNF receptors undergo a conformational change, leading to the dissociation of an inhibitory protein from the intracellular death domain. This dissociation enables the adaptor protein TRADD (tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain) to bind to the death domain, serving as a platform for subsequent protein binding. Following TRADD binding, three pathways can be initiated including activaiton of NF-κB, activation of MAPK pathways, and induction of death signaling.The myriad and often-conflicting effects mediated by these pathways indicate the existence of extensive cross-talk. Other factors, such as cell type, concurrent stimulation with other cytokines, or the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) present can shift the balance in favor of one pathway or another. Such complicated signaling ensures that, whenever TNF is released, various cells with vastly diverse functions and conditions can all respond appropriately to inflammation.;Species Reactivity:Bovine;Application:quantitate;Storage:Unopened Kit: Store at 2 - 8°C. Do not use past kit expiration date. Opened/Reconstituted Reagents: TMB Solution A; TMB Solution B; TMB Stop Solution; Wash Buffer; HRP-conjugate antibody The above mentioned reagents should be stored for up to 1 month at 2 - 8°C. Microplate Wells: Return unused wells to the foil pouch containing the desiccant pack, reseal along entire edge of zip-seal. May be stored for up to 1 month at 2 - 8°C.;Usage:For Lab Research Use Only;Detection Principle:Sandwich ELISA;